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For centuries, common law treated animals as property (chattel). If someone killed your dog, you could sue for the replacement value of the dog ($20 for a mutt, $5,000 for a show champion). You could not sue for the dog’s pain and suffering because the dog had no legal standing.

In the modern era, the relationship between humans and non-human animals is undergoing a profound ethical reckoning. From the factory farms that produce our food to the laboratories that test our medicines, and from the zoos that educate our children to the wildlife displaced by urban sprawl, the question is no longer if we have obligations to animals, but how far those obligations extend. For centuries, common law treated animals as property

Consider the egg industry. A 2020 study in Scientific Reports found that switching from conventional cages to aviary systems reduced mortality, improved bone strength, and allowed natural dust-bathing. While a rights advocate calls this "a slightly larger concentration camp," the 5 billion hens in the system feel the difference between a wire floor and wood shavings. In the modern era, the relationship between humans

The animal welfare movement has given us laws against cockfighting and puppy mills. The animal rights movement has given us the moral imagination to see a world where animals are not commodities. Neither is complete without the other. A 2020 study in Scientific Reports found that

This was a paternalistic, human-centered morality. You shouldn’t beat your horse, not just for the horse’s sake, but because cruelty to animals was a sign of a degraded character that might lead to cruelty to people. The philosophical shift began in 1975 with Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation . Singer, a philosopher, didn’t use the language of "rights" per se, but his argument was radical: Speciesism (discrimination based on species) is a prejudice as irrational as racism or sexism. If you wouldn’t experiment on a brain-damaged human without consent, you cannot experiment on a healthy chimpanzee.